In a new report timed to World Rhino Day 2023 (22 September), the IUCN’s African Rhino Specialist Group (AfRSG) revealed that global rhino populations have reached about 27,000 by the end of 2022 — a marked recovery driven mainly by increases in Africa’s black and white rhino numbers. This is the first time in recent memory that southern white rhinos have shown growth since 2012, and the black rhino population also continued its upward trajectory.

At the end of 2022, southern white rhinos were estimated to number around 16,803 across Africa, compared to 15,942 in 2021 — an increase of over 5 percent. The black rhino population similarly grew from 6,195 to 6,487, nearly a 5 percent rise. These gains have been attributed to intensified biological management, including establishing new populations in safer zones, and continued anti‑poaching efforts, even in the face of rising losses to poaching.

Despite this progress, the report emphasizes that poaching remains a persistent and ongoing threat. In 2022, 561 rhinos were illegally killed in Africa — a slight uptick from 2021’s 501 and 2020’s 503, though far below peak levels (e.g. 1,349 in 2015). The fact that numbers still rose in 2022 is seen by many conservationists as a testament to effective protection efforts and population management.

In the Indian subcontinent, the Greater one‑horned rhino (also known as the Indian rhino) saw a modest increase, from 4,014 individuals in 2021 to 4,018. These populations in India and Nepal benefit from strong habitat protection and systematic biological programs, though poaching continues to pose a threat.

The situation is far more dire for the Javan and Sumatran rhinos, two of the world’s most endangered mammals. Reports estimate there are fewer than 80 of each species remaining. Some estimates place the Sumatran rhino as low as 34 to 47 individuals, while the Javan rhino is believed to number around 76, including a dozen that haven’t been observed in years. All surviving Javan rhinos reside in Ujung Kulon National Park, where increased illicit activity has raised serious alarm. A recent reported unnatural death of a Javan rhino is now under government investigation, heightening the urgency of conservation efforts.

Dr Jo Shaw, CEO of Save the Rhino International, remarked, “On World Rhino Day, it is essential to reflect on both our successes and the challenges ahead. It is heartening to see gains for black, white, and greater one‑horned rhinos through dedicated conservation investment, but the perilous state of Javan and Sumatran rhinos demands intensified global action.”

While the gains in Africa bring hope, the fragile balance is not guaranteed. Poaching pressures, habitat loss, genetic bottlenecks, and limited ranges for the Asian rhinos make their survival uncertain. Conservationists stress that the approaches which have aided Africa’s rhinos — rigorous protection, community engagement, translocations, and strong legal frameworks - must be adapted and intensified globally to prevent the disappearance of the most threatened species.

This World Rhino Day, the global conservation community is reminded that progress, while possible, is hard‑won. Sustained commitment, strategic innovation, and cross‑regional collaboration remain essential to carry the momentum forward — and to ensure that the roar and presence of rhinos continues for generations to come.

Source: IUCN African Rhino Specialist Group

conservation

World Rhino Day 2023: New numbers and challenges